Clueless (film)

Clueless is a 1995 American coming-of-age teen comedy film written and directed by Amy Heckerling. It stars Alicia Silverstone, Stacey Dash, Paul Rudd, Dan Hedaya, and Brittany Murphy. Clueless was produced by Scott Rudin and Robert Lawrence. It is loosely based on Jane Austen's 1815 novel Emma, with a modern-day setting of Beverly Hills. The plot centers on Cher Horowitz, a high school student, who befriends a new student named Tai Frasier and decides to give her a makeover.

Clueless was filmed in California over a 40-day schedule. The film's director, Heckerling, studied real Beverly Hills high school students to learn the lingo and to understand how real teens in the 1990s talked.

The film grossed $56.1 million in the United States. It has received generally positive reviews from critics and is considered to be one of the best teen films of all time. Clueless has developed a cult following and has a continuing legacy. The film was followed by a spin-off television sitcom, series of books, and Paramount Studios has announced that they are producing a remake.

Plot
Cher Horowitz lives in a Beverly Hills mansion with her father Mel, a $500-an-hour litigator; her mother died from an accident during a routine liposuction procedure when Cher was a baby. Cher is attractive, popular, and wealthy. She attends Bronson Alcott High School with her best friend, Dionne Davenport, who is also wealthy and beautiful. Dionne has a long-term relationship with popular student Murray; Cher claims that this is a pointless endeavor for Dionne.

Josh, Cher's socially conscious ex-stepbrother, visits her during a break from college. Josh and Cher spar continually but playfully. She mocks his idealism, while he teases her for being selfish, vain, and superficial, saying that her only direction in life is "toward the mall". Cher plays matchmaker for two hard-grading teachers at her school, Mr. Hall and Miss Geist. She facilitates the relationship between the teachers to make them relax their grading standards so she can renegotiate a bad grade on her report card. After she sees their newfound happiness, she realizes she enjoys doing good deeds. Cher then decides to give back to the community by "adopting" a "tragically unhip" new girl at school, Tai Frasier. Cher and Dionne give Tai a makeover, which gives Tai confidence and a sense of style. Cher also tries to extinguish the attraction between Tai and Travis Birkenstock, an amiable skateboarding slacker and to steer her towards Elton, a popular and wealthy student.

Elton rejects Tai and fails to seduce Cher. A handsome new student at their school named Christian becomes Cher's target boyfriend. Murray explains to Cher and Dionne that Christian is gay. Despite the failure of this endeavor, Cher remains on friendly terms with Christian, primarily due to her admiration of his taste in art and fashion. Matters take a turn for the worse when Tai's newfound popularity strains her relationship with Cher. Cher's frustration escalates when she fails her driving test and cannot change the result. When Cher returns home, crushed, Tai confesses her fancy for Josh. Tai wants Cher's help in pursuing Josh. Cher says Tai is not right for Josh and they quarrel. Cher and Tai's disagreement ends with Tai calling Cher a "virgin who can't drive". Feeling "totally clueless", Cher reflects on her priorities and her repeated failures to understand or appreciate the people in her life.

After thinking about why she is bothered by Tai's interest in Josh, Cher realizes that she loves Josh. She begins making awkward but sincere efforts to live a more purposeful life, including captaining the school's Pismo Beach disaster relief effort. Cher and Josh eventually admit their feelings for one another, culminating in a tender kiss. Ultimately, Mr. Hall and Miss Geist wed; Cher's friendships with Tai and Dionne are solidified; Tai and Travis are in love and Cher catches the wedding bouquet, helping Josh win a $200 bet. She embraces Josh and they kiss.

Cast

 * Alicia Silverstone as Cher Horowitz
 * Stacey Dash as Dionne Davenport
 * Brittany Murphy as Tai Frasier
 * Paul Rudd as Josh Lucas
 * Dan Hedaya as Melvin "Mel" Horowitz ("Hamilton" in the credits)
 * Elisa Donovan as Amber Mariens
 * Justin Walker as Christian Stovitz
 * Wallace Shawn as Mr. Wendell Hall
 * Twink Caplan as Ms. Toby Geist
 * Julie Brown as Coach Millie Stoeger
 * Donald Faison as Murray Duvall, Dionne's long-term boyfriend
 * Breckin Meyer as Travis Birkenstock
 * Jeremy Sisto as Elton Tiscia
 * Nicole Bilderback as Summer Han
 * Sean Holland as Lawrence

Production
Principal photography for the film took place between November 21-December 31, 1994. The film had a 40-day filming schedule. Producers sat in on classes at Beverly Hills High School to get a feel for the student culture. Herb Hall, the real drama teacher at Beverly Hills High School, had a short scene as the principal in the film. Scenes depicting the high school campus, including the tennis courts, the outdoor cafeteria, the quad, and various classrooms were filmed at Occidental College in Los Angeles. The mall scenes were filmed at Westfield Fashion Square in Sherman Oaks, CA.

Box office
The film became a surprise sleeper hit of 1995. Clueless opened theatrically in 1,653 theaters on July 19, 1995 and grossed $10,612,443 on its opening weekend, which led to a ranking of second behind Apollo 13. The film grossed $56,631,572 during its theatrical run, becoming the 32nd highest-grossing film of 1995. This box office success brought the then-largely-unknown Silverstone to international attention. The film also developed a strong cult following after its release.

Critical response
The film was well received by critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 79% based on reviews from 63 critics and judged it "Certified Fresh" with an average rating of 6.89/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "A funny and clever reshaping of Emma, Clueless offers a soft satire that pokes as much fun at teen films as it does at the Beverly Hills glitterati." On Metacritic, the film has a 68 out of 100 rating based on 18 reviews, which indicates "generally positive reviews".

The film was seen as a teen flick that had a strong influence on fashion trends and lingo. Fashion as a form of self-expression played an important role in the narrative and character development of the film, television series, and novels, which are topics examined by Alice Leppert.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars. Janet Maslin of The New York Times notes, "Even if Clueless runs out of gas before it's over, most of it is as eye-catching and cheery as its star." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film four stars, contrasting it to the more adult-oriented film about teenagers released around the same time, Kids, stating, "The materialism in Clueless is almost as scary as the hopelessness in Kids."

Accolades
In 2008, Entertainment Weekly selected Clueless as one of the "New Classics," a list of 100 released between 1983 and 2008, Clueless was ranked 42nd. In 2008, Entertainment Weekly named it the 19th best comedy of the past 25 years.

American Film Institute recognition:
 * AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs - Nominated
 * AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes - "As if!" Nominated

Faithfulness to the text
The movie "Clueless" is a loose adaptation of Jane Austen's Emma.

Characters
Cher Horowitz/Emma Woodhouse - The title character Cher is representative of the main character Emma Woodhouse: Spunky, carefree, entitled, perpetually single, and matchmaker extraordinaire, both Cher and Emma enjoy the satisfaction of helping those who are without love find a perfect match. This is first seen within the first fifteen minutes of the film when both she and Dionne pair their English teacher with the school's Debate teacher. However, this is more prominently reflected when Cher does everything in her power to pair her newest friend Tai. While both Emma and Cher mean well in their matchmaking attempts, neither of them realize the depths of their actions nor their feelings towards Josh/Mr. Knightly until Tai/Harriet asks her to set her up with Josh/Mr. Knightley.

'''Josh/Mr. Knightley''' - Cher's stepbrother, who she finds utterly repulsive. She states at the beginning of the movie that she has no positive feelings towards Josh in the slightest. The two bicker on a near constant basis. However, as the movie progresses, Josh is shown to be more caring and considerate towards Cher, becoming defensive towards her choices of men and life choices. It is not until the end of the movie it is revealed that Josh is in love with Cher and the two share a passionate kiss.

'''Miss Geist/Miss Taylor/Mrs. Weston''' - Target of Cher's matchmaking.

Tai/Harriet Smith - Tai, representative of the young, fair, and socially awkward Harriet Smith, is a newcomer to Bronson Alcott High School. Soon after, she is swept off her feet by both Cher and Dionne as they help her (unintentionally) become the most popular girl in school, much to Cher's jealousy. At the beginning of the film, Tai is attracted to Travis, a well-meaning, skateboard riding, pot smoker social recluse though is encouraged by Cher to strive for someone more socially well off, as Travis is not considered to be a socially acceptable partner. Following this advice, Tai then falls for Josh, much to even more of Cher's Jealousy.

'''Mel Horowitz/Mr. Henry Woodhouse''' - Just as in the book, Mr. Horowitz is a well known and respected man within his circle of friends, though there is one major difference between both characters: While Mr. Horowitz Is shown to have little to no care for his health, Mr. Woodhouse is considered to be a valetudinarian. Both characters are shown to love their daughter greatly while not always being so forward in their affection.

Travis/Robert Martin - A stoner and a skater who falls for Tai by the end of the film; however, their attempts at courtship are derailed for a time by Cher's attempts to set Tai up with Elton. Travis is an underachiever, constantly late for class and often receiving poor grades.

Elton Tascia/Philip Elton - Elton is a popular student whom Cher attempts to fix up with Tai. As is the case with the Elton from the book, he is not interested in Tai/Harriet and mistakenly believes that Cher/Emma is interested in him.

Christian/Frank Churchill - The initially appealing love interest of Cher with whom she convinces herself she must be in love (just like the Frank Churchill character in the book). In the book, Churchill is not available to Emma because he is already engaged; in the film, Christian is not available to Cher because he is gay. Both characters engage in surface-level flirting with the heroine and make her consider her own feelings.

Home media
Clueless was released on VHS and Laserdisc on December 19, 1995 by Paramount Home Video. It was released on DVD on October 19, 1999. The special features only included two theatrical trailers.

The film was reissued in a special tenth anniversary "Whatever! Edition" DVD on August 30, 2005. The new issue included featurettes and cast interviews, including:The Class of '95 (a look at the cast), Creative Writing ( Amy Heckerling talks about the script), Fashion 101  (how filmmakers invented the trendsetting style of Clueless), Language Arts  (the director and cast members give facts on the groundbreaking slang and how Clueless revived Valspeak slang), Suck and Blow (how to play the game depicted in the Sun Valley party scene), Driver's Ed, We're History  (stories from cast and crew of Clueless), and two theatrical trailers.

It was released on Blu-ray on May 1, 2012. Special features were carried over from the "Whatever!" edition of 2005 and included a new trivia track.

Cast
After the death of Brittany Murphy, Silverstone stated that she "always felt connected to [Murphy] as [they] shared a very special experience in [their] lives together." Following Murphy's death, Silverstone reported in an interview: "I loved working with Brittany. She was so talented, so warm, and so sweet."

Heckerling later described Silverstone as having "that Marilyn Monroe thing" as a "pretty, sweet blonde who, in spite of being the American ideal, people still really like."

The surviving cast reunited in 2012 for an issue of Entertainment Weekly.

Heckerling later reunited with both Silverstone and Shawn for the vampire comedy Vamps.

Popular culture and society
Clueless was the main inspiration for Australian rapper Iggy Azalea's music video for her US number-one single "Fancy" featuring Charli XCX. Many visuals and costumes inspired by the film were used in the video. The video is filled with remakes of classic Clueless scenes. The outfits are also reinvented to channel the famous stylings of the film with a slightly modern edge. "Fancy" was shot in the same Los Angeles high school where Clueless was filmed. The film was very well known for the characters' catchy phrases and vocabulary, "Cher's verbal style is also marked by ironic contrasts between current slang and historical references, as when she compares Tai to "those Botticelli chicks." The verbal speech of the characters can be seen as enjoyable to audiences.

Television
In 1996, the producers created a spin-off television series, which followed the continuing adventures of Cher and her friends. Several cast members from the film went on to star in the series, with the notable exceptions of Silverstone (who went on to sign a film deal with Columbia-TriStar worth $10 million) and Rudd (whose film career began to take off). Silverstone was replaced in the series with actress Rachel Blanchard.

In October 2019, it was announced that CBS would be adapting the film into a drama series. The series will be centered around Dionne after Cher goes missing, and is described by Deadline as a "baby pink and bisexual blue-tinted, tiny sunglasses-wearing, oat milk latte and Adderall-fueled look at what happens when the high school queen bee Cher disappears and her lifelong number two Dionne steps into Cher’s vacant Air Jordans."

Books
Simon Spotlight Entertainment spun off a collection of paperback books, from 1995 to 1999, aimed at adolescent readers.

In 2015, to celebrate the film's twentieth anniversary, pop culture writer Jen Chaney published a book titled As If!: The Oral History of Clueless. The book is based on exclusive interviews with Amy Heckerling, Alicia Silverstone, and other cast and crew members. Excerpts from the book were published in Vanity Fair.

Comics
A comic book series was launched in 2017.

Stage musical
Clueless: The Musical opened in New York City on December 11, 2018, as part of The New Group's 2018-2019 season. The show was written by Heckerling and starred Dove Cameron as Cher. It closed on January 12, 2019.

The musical was a jukebox musical featuring pop songs from the 1990s, though with lyrics mostly or entirely rewritten by Heckerling to fit the storyline. Songs adapted from the movie's soundtrack included "Supermodel" and "Kids in America."

Web story
In 2017, Episode launched an animated web story based on the film.