Kamloops

Kamloops is a city in south central British Columbia in Canada at the confluence of the two branches of the Thompson River near Kamloops Lake. It is the largest community in the Thompson-Nicola Regional District and the location of the regional district's offices. The surrounding region is more commonly referred to as the Thompson Country. It is ranked 37th on the list of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada and represents the 44th largest census agglomeration nationwide, with 90,280 residents in 2016.

History


Prior to the arrival of European settlers, the Cree-Saulteaux band led by Chief Yawassannay had migrated to this region in the early 15th century where they met the local Secwepemc (Shuswap) nation (part of the Interior Salish language group). The Yawassanay band's Kamloops settlement was the largest of their three tribal areas. The first European explorers arrived in 1811, in the person of David Stuart, sent out from Fort Astoria, then still a Pacific Fur Company post, and who spent a winter there with the Secwepemc people, with Alexander Ross establishing a post there in May 1812 - "Fort Cumcloups".

The rival North West Company established another post - Fort Shuswap - nearby in the same year. The two operations were merged in 1813 when the North West Company officials in the region bought out the operations of the Pacific Fur Company. After the North West Company's forced merger with the Hudson's Bay Company in 1821, the post became known commonly as Thompson's River Post, or Fort Thompson, which over time became known as Fort Kamloops. The post's journals, kept by its Chief Traders, document a series of inter-Indian wars and personalities for the period and also give much insight to the goings-on of the fur companies and their personnel throughout the entire Pacific slope.

Soon after the forts were founded, the main local village of the Secwepemc, then headed by a chief named Kwa'lila, was moved close to the trading post in order to control access to its trade, as well as for prestige and security. With Kwalila's death, the local chieftaincy was passed to his nephew and foster-son Chief Nicola, who led an alliance of Okanagan and Nlaka'pamux people in the plateau country to the south around Stump, Nicola and Douglas Lakes.

Relations between Nicola and the fur traders were often tense, but in the end Nicola was recognised as a great help to the influx of whites during the gold rush, though admonishing those who had been in parties waging violence and looting on the Okanagan Trail, which led from American territory to the Fraser goldfields. Throughout, Kamloops was an important way station on the route of the Hudson's Bay Brigade Trail, which originally connected Fort Astoria with Fort Alexandria and the other forts in New Caledonia to the north (today's Omineca Country, roughly), and which continued in heavy use through the onset of the Cariboo Gold Rush as the main route to the new goldfields around what was to become Barkerville.

The gold rush of the 1860s and the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which reached Kamloops from the West in 1883, brought further growth, resulting in the City of Kamloops being incorporated in 1893 with a population of about 500. The logging industry of the 1970s brought many Indo-Canadians into the Kamloops area, mostly from the Punjab region of India. In 1973, Kamloops annexed Barnhartvale and other nearby communities.

Etymology
"Kamloops" is the anglicised version of the Shuswap word "Tk'əmlúps", meaning "meeting of the waters". Shuswap is still spoken in the area by members of the Tk'emlúps Indian Band.

An alternate origin sometimes given for the name may have come from the native name's accidental similarity to the French "Camp des loups", meaning "Camp of Wolves"; many early fur traders spoke French. One story perhaps connected with this version of the name concerns an attack by a pack of wolves, much built up in story to one huge white wolf, or a pack of wolves and other animals, traveling overland from the Nicola Country being repelled by a single shot by John Tod, then Chief Trader, thus preventing the fort from attack and granting Tod a great degree of respect locally.

Industry
Industries in the Kamloops area include primary resource processing such as Domtar Kamloops Pulp Mill, Tolko-Heffley Creek Plywood and Veneer, Lafarge Cement, Highland Valley Copper Mine (in Logan Lake), and others. RIH (Royal Inland Hospital) is the city's largest employer. TRU (Thompson Rivers University) serves a student body of 10,000 including a diverse international contingent mainly from Asian countries. Thompson Rivers University, Open Learning (TRU-OL) is the biggest distance education provider in British Columbia and one of the biggest in Canada.

There are tertiary industrial sector entities such as
 * British Columbia Lottery Corporation
 * Domtar
 * Tolko

Culture
Kamloops is home to many galleries including nationally recognized Kamloops Art Gallery, The Kamloops Museum and Archives, the Kamloops Symphony Orchestra, Western Canada Theatre, the British Columbia Wildlife Park, the Kamloops Heritage Railway, Kenna Cartwright Park and Riverside Park. Kamloops is also well known for its public art including numerous pole carvings and murals.

Transportation
Kamloops is a transportation hub for the region due to its connections to Highways 5 and 97, the Trans-Canada and Yellowhead Highways.

Kamloops is also a rail transportation hub. The Canadian Pacific (CPR) and Canadian National (CNR) main line routes connect Vancouver BC in the west with Kamloops. The two rail roads diverge to the north and east where they connect with the rest of Canada. Kamloops North railway station is served three times per week (in each direction) by Via Rail's The Canadian.

Kamloops is home to Kamloops Airport (Fulton Field), a small Regional airport expanded in 2010. Airlines currently flying to Kamloops are Air Canada Express, WestJet Encore, Canadian North (charter only), and Central Mountain Air, plus three cargo airlines.

Greyhound Canada connects Kamloops with Vancouver, Edmonton and Calgary.

Local bus service is provided by the Kamloops Transit System.

Geography and location
Kamloops is situated in the Thompson Valley and the Montane Cordillera Ecozone. The city's center is in the valley near the confluence of the Thompson River's north and south branches. Suburbs stretch for more than a dozen kilometres along both north and south branches, as well as to the steep hillsides along the south portion of the city and lower northeast hill sides.

Kamloops Indian Band areas begin just to the northeast of the downtown core but are not within the city limits. As a result of this placement, it is necessary to leave Kamloops' city limits and pass through the band lands before re-entering the city limits to access the communities of Rayleigh and Heffley Creek. Kamloops is surrounded by the smaller communities of Cherry Creek, Pritchard, Savona, Scotch Creek, Adams Lake, Chase, Paul Lake, Pinantan and various others.



Climate
The climate of Kamloops is semi-arid (Köppen climate classification BSk) due to its rain shadow location. Because of milder winters and aridity, the area west of Kamloops in the lower Thompson River valley falls within Köppen climate classification BWk climate. Kamloops gets short cold snaps where temperatures can drop to around -20 C when Arctic air manages to cross the Rockies and Columbia Mountains into the Interior. The January mean temperature is -2.8 C. That average sharply increases with an average maximum temperature of 4.3 C in February. The average number of days below -10 C per year is 19.9 as recorded by Environment Canada.

Although Kamloops is above 50° north latitude, summers are warmer than in many places at lower latitudes, with prevailing dry and sunny weather. Daytime humidity is generally under 40% in the summer, sometimes dropping below 20% after a dry spell, which allows for substantial nighttime cooling. Occasional summer thunderstorms can create dry-lightning conditions, sometimes igniting forest fires which the area is prone to.

Kamloops lies in the rain shadow leeward of the Coast Mountains and is biogeographically connected to similar semi-desert areas in the Okanagan region, and a much larger area covering the central/eastern portions of Washington, Oregon and intermontane areas of Nevada, Utah and Idaho in the US.

These areas of relatively similar climate have many distinctive native plants and animals in common, such as ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), prickly pear cactus (Opuntia fragilis in this case), rattlesnakes, black widow spiders and Lewis's woodpecker.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Kamloops was 41.7 C on 27 July 1939 and 16 July 1941. The coldest temperature ever recorded was -38.3 C on 16 & 18 January 1950.

Sports
Kamloops hosted the 1993 Canada Summer Games. It co-hosted (with Vancouver and Kelowna) the 2006 IIHF World U20 Championship from 26 December 2005, to 5 January 2006. It hosted the 2006 BC Summer Games. In the summer of 2008, Kamloops, and its modern facility the Tournament Capital Centre, played host to the U15 boys and girls Basketball National Championship. The city is known as, and holds a Canadian trademark as, Canada's Tournament Capital.

Sun Peaks Resort is a nearby ski and snowboard hill. Olympic medallist skier Nancy Greene is director of skiing at Sun Peaks and the former chancellor of Thompson Rivers University. The Overlander Ski Club runs the Stake Lake cross country ski area with 50 km of trails. Kamloops is home to world-famous mountain bikers such as freeride pioneers and Mountain Bike Hall of Fame members Wade Simmons, Brett Tippie, (also a former Canadian National Team member for snowboard cross and giant slalom), Richie Schley. Also home to freeriders Matt Hunter, and Graham Agassiz. Kamloops was featured in the first mountain bike film by Greg Stump, "Pulp Traction", and later the first three "Kranked" films, which starred the original Froriders, Tippie, Simmons and Schley. In 2007, the Kamloops Bike Ranch opened in Juniper Ridge along Highland Drive. The Kamloops Rotary Skatepark at McArthur Island Park is one of Canada's largest skateboard parks. Also located at McArthur Island Park is NorBrock Stadium.

Kamloops is home to the Western Hockey League's Kamloops Blazers who play at the Sandman Centre. Alumni of the Kamloops Blazers include Mark Recchi, Jarome Iginla, Darryl Sydor, Nolan Baumgartner, Shane Doan, Scott Niedermayer, Rudy Poeschek and Darcy Tucker (Recchi, Doan, Iginla, and Sydor are now part-owners of the club). Two-time champion coach Ken Hitchcock would later win the Stanley Cup with the Dallas Stars. Lacrosse teams include the Thompson Okanagan Junior Lacrosse League's Kamloops Junior B Rattlers, as well as the Kamloops Storm. Also calling Kamloops home is the Canadian Junior Football League's Kamloops Broncos, and Pacific Coast Soccer League's Kamloops Excel, both of whom play at Hillside Stadium.

Soccer for the city includes: Kamloops Youth Soccer Association, Kamloops Blaze rep team and the Kamloops Excel (see above). TRU hosts the Thompson Rivers WolfPack, and has sports teams that include men's and women's volleyball, basketball, soccer and badminton. Also the WolfPack have hockey, rugby, badminton, golf and baseball teams.

Kamloops hosted the World Masters Indoor Championships 2010 on 1–6 March 2010.

Kamloops hosted the 2011 Western Canada Summer Games.

On February 6, 2016, Kamloops hosted Hockey Day in Canada with Ron MacLean and Don Cherry.

Kamloops is home to the Kamloops Sports Hall of Fame, which includes Bronze Medalist Dylan Armstrong and the National Finalist Roma's soccer team.

Demographics
Demographics of the City of Kamloops according to Statistics Canada 2016 census.


 * Population: 90,280
 * Growth rate (2011–2016): 5.4%


 * Total private dwellings: 39,081
 * Land area: 299.25 km2
 * Density: 301.7 PD/sqkm

Religious groups
Data is from the 2001 census.


 * No religious affiliation: 28,280 (36.81%)
 * Protestant: 27,050 (35.21%)
 * Catholic: 14,835 (19.31%)
 * Other Christian: 3,705 (4.82%)
 * Sikh: 1,340 (1.74%)
 * Buddhist: 455 (0.59%)


 * Orthodox Christian: 360 (0.47%)
 * Other religions: 340 (0.44%)
 * Hindu: 170 (0.22%)
 * Muslim: 150 (0.20%)
 * Jewish: 90 (0.12%)
 * Eastern religions: 35 (0.05%)

Ethnic Chinese
Kamloops historically had a Chinatown on Victoria Street where most ethnic Chinese lived; John Stewart of the Kamloops Museum & Archives stated it was not a "true Chinatown". It was established by 1887, and by 1890 the community had up to 400 Chinese; John Stewart of the Kamloops Museum & Archives stated this was "amazingly large". About 33% of Kamloops was ethnic Chinese in the 1890s. Economic changes in Kamloops that caused Chinese to leave, two fires in 1892 and 1893, and a 1911-1914 demolition dismantled the Chinatown. Peter Wing, the first ethnic Chinese mayor in North America, served as the Mayor of Kamloops. A Chinese cemetery exists in Kamloops, and it, one of the largest in the province, was last used in the 1960s. The Kamloops cemetery is the only one dedicated to Chinese who were among the earliest settlers.

K-12
Public schools in Kamloops and adjacent communities are run by School District 73 Kamloops/Thompson.

Private schools include Kamloops Christian School, Our Lady of Perpetual Help School (Catholic), and St. Ann's Academy (Catholic).

The Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique operates one Francophone school: école Collines-d’or primary school.

Post-secondary
Thompson Rivers University offers a range of undergraduate and graduate degrees as well as certificate and diploma programs. It has satellite campuses in


 * Clearwater
 * Barriere
 * Chase
 * Williams Lake


 * 100 Mile House
 * Cache Creek
 * Ashcroft
 * Lillooet

Thompson Rivers University also has an open-learning division. Thompson Rivers University, Open Learning (TRU-OL) is the biggest distance and online education provider in British Columbia and one of the biggest in Canada.

Thompson Career College and Sprott Shaw College are private post-secondary institutions with campuses in Kamloops.

Neighbourhoods
Officially recognised neighbourhoods within the city of Kamloops.

Unofficially recognized areas are listed beneath the neighbourhoods to which they belong:


 * Aberdeen
 * Pineview Valley
 * Barnhartvale
 * Batchelor Hills
 * Brocklehurst
 * Campbell Creek
 * City Centre
 * Dallas
 * Dufferin
 * Heffley Creek
 * Juniper Ridge
 * Knutsford


 * Lac Le Jeune
 * Lower Sahali
 * Peterson Creek
 * MacArthur Island
 * Mission Flats
 * Mount Dufferin
 * Noble Creek
 * North Kamloops
 * North Shore
 * Rayleigh


 * Rose Hill
 * Southgate
 * Thompson Rivers University
 * Tranquille
 * Upper Sahali
 * Valleyview
 * West End
 * Westsyde
 * Westmount
 * Oak Hills

Notable people
Below is a list of people who are from Kamloops, or who lived there for an extended period.

Historical figures

 * Edward Donald Bellew, recipient of the Victoria Cross.
 * Jim Chamberlin, aerodynamicist, who contributed to the design of the Canadian Avro Arrow; NASA's Project Mercury, Gemini spacecraft and the Apollo program.
 * Kanao Inouye, the notorious "Kamloops Kid", the first of the two Canadians ever convicted of war crimes.
 * Allan McLean, son of Donald McLean and leader of the outlaw gang known as the Wild McLean Boys.
 * Donald McLean, former Chief Trader of Fort Kamloops and one of the casualties of the Chilcotin War.
 * Frank Robert Miller, former Deputy Minister of National Defence.
 * Chief Nicola, conjoint chief of the Nicolas and the Kamloops Shuswap during the fur trade and gold rush eras.
 * John Fremont Smith A pioneer settler of Kamloops a Black Caribbean from the Danish West Indies served as Indian agent.
 * Johnny Ussher, settler, provincial magistrate and Gold Commissioner (killed by Allan McLean)
 * Mark Sweeten Wade, medical doctor, newspaperman and historian.

Politicians

 * Jack Davis, politician who was elected both federally and provincially.
 * Jodie Emery - marijuana activist and politician
 * John L. Frazer, was a member of the Canadian House of Commons from 1993 to 1997.
 * Edmund Davie Fulton, was a member of the Canadian House of Commons from 1945 to 1963, and 1965 to 1968.
 * Phil Gaglardi, aka Flying Phil, former Provincial Minister of Highways and Mayor.
 * Leonard Marchand, QPC, CM, the first person of First Nations ethnicity to serve in the federal cabinet and the first Status Indian to serve as a Member of Parliament.
 * Nelson Riis, former Kamloops alderman and Director of the Thompson-Nicola Regional District, later federal MP for Kamloops.
 * Peter Wing, North America's first mayor of Chinese descent.

Athletes

 * Graham Aggasiz, Freeride mountain biker, top qualifier at RedBull Rampage 2013 and 2014,
 * Dylan Armstrong, Olympic shotputter who finished 4th in the 2008 Olympics but subsequently was awarded the bronze medal in 2015 after the 3rd place putter Andrei Mikhnevich from Belarus tested positive for drugs post 2008 Olympics
 * Don Ashby, former NHL ice hockey player
 * Murray Baron, former NHL ice hockey player
 * Mitch Berger, NFL player
 * Rick Boh, former NHL ice hockey player
 * Craig Endean, former NHL ice hockey player
 * Todd Esselmont, ice and roller hockey player
 * Erin Gammel, is a swimmer who competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics
 * Nancy Greene, Named Canada's Athlete of the Century in 1999, Olympic skier who won gold for Canada in 1968, and 13 World Cups (the Canadian record) for a total of 17 Canadian Title Championships
 * Stu Grimson, former NHL ice hockey player
 * Don Hay, former NHL head coach
 * Jessica Hewitt, short track speed skater, silver medalist at 2014 Sochi Olympics
 * Murray Kennett, is a former WHA ice hockey player
 * Doug Lidster, former NHL ice hockey player
 * Steve Marr, ice hockey defenceman.
 * Bert Marshall, former NHL ice hockey player
 * Spencer McLennan, Former CFL football player
 * Don Moen, Former CFL football player
 * Bob Mowat, former WHA ice hockey player
 * Shane Niemi, is a Canadian sprinter
 * Kelly Olynyk, Boston Celtics and Canada international basketball player
 * Paul Osbaldiston, Former CFL football player
 * Rudy Poeschek, former NHL player.
 * Kevin Powell, former CFL football player
 * Mark Recchi, former NHL ice hockey player and Stanley Cup Champion (1991, 2006, 2011)
 * Justin Ring, former CFL football player
 * Peter Soberlak, former AHL professional ice hockey player
 * Dave Vankoughnett, former CFL football player
 * Tim Watters, former NHL ice hockey player

Arts, culture and media

 * Benjamin Ayres, actor, born in Kamloops
 * Dan Bremnes, Christian musician, born in Kamloops
 * Steven Galloway, novelist, was raised in Kamloops
 * Elise Gatien, actress
 * Boris Karloff, actor, joined the Jeanne Russell theatre company in Kamloops in September 1911
 * Chris Masuak, Punk rock singer-songwriter Australian Music Hall of Famer, born in Kamloops - lived in Brocklehurst (North Kamloops) in the 1960s. Now resides in Spain.
 * John Pozer, award-winning filmmaker
 * Robert W. Service, poet and writer known for his ballads depicting the Klondike Gold Rush of 1897, he worked at Kamloops branch of the Canadian bank of commerce from July to December 1904 before being transferred to Whitehorse.
 * Michael Shanks, actor, born in Vancouver, but grew up in Kamloops
 * Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun, First Nations painter

Other notable people

 * Andrew Collier, commander of the Royal Canadian Navy.
 * Lesra Martin, resident lawyer who helped with Rubin "The Hurricane" Carter's prison release.
 * Mildred Gottfriedson, first First Nations individual inducted into the Order of Canada and founding member of the B.C. Native Women's Society

Politics
Elections into the municipality in Kamloops are held with the rest of the province every four years.

Provincially, Kamloops is considered to be bellwether, having voted for the governing party in every provincial election since the introduction of parties to British Columbian elections. By contrast, Kamloops has regularly voted against the party in power federally until the 2006 Federal election. Kamloops is represented in two provincial ridings – Kamloops and Kamloops-North Thompson – and one federal riding – Kamloops—Thompson—Cariboo. Federal Members of Parliament:
 * Mayor – Peter Milobar
 * Members of the Legislative Assembly:
 * Todd Stone, Kamloops-South Thompson
 * Terry Lake, Kamloops-North Thompson
 * Cathy McLeod (2008–present) Conservative Party of Canada
 * Betty Hinton (2000–2008) Conservative Party of Canada
 * Nelson Riis (1980–2000) New Democratic Party
 * Don Cameron (1979–1980) Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
 * Leonard Marchand (1968–1979) Liberal Party of Canada

Planetary nomenclature
The city's name has been given to a crater on the surface of Mars. Crater Kamloops was officially adopted by the International Astronomical Union's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (IAU/WGPSN) in 1991. The crater lies at 53.8° south latitude and 32.6° west longitude, with a diameter of 65 km.

Sister cities

 * 🇯🇵 Uji of Kyoto Prefecture, Japan

In media
In "Cementhead," a 1989 episode of the television series Booker, the titular detective (played by Richard Grieco) tracks a capricious professional hockey player (Stephen Shellen) back to his hometown of Kamloops.

Kamloops and surrounding areas have been used for various Hollywood films such as An Unfinished Life, The A Team, 2012, The Pledge, Shooter, Firewall, The Sisterhood of the Travelling Pants, Monster Trucks (film), and various others.

"The Eye of Jupiter", the eleventh episode of the third season of Battlestar Galactica was filmed in Kamloops in 2006.