Casino (1995 film)

Casino is a 1995 American epic crime film directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Robert De Niro, Sharon Stone, and Joe Pesci. The film is based on the nonfiction book Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas by Nicholas Pileggi, who also co-wrote the screenplay for the film with Scorsese. The film marks the eighth collaboration between director Scorsese and De Niro.

Casino follows Sam "Ace" Rothstein (De Niro), a Jewish American gambling expert handicapper who is asked by the Chicago Outfit to oversee the day-to-day casino and hotel operations at the Tangiers Casino in Las Vegas. Supporting characters include Nicholas "Nicky" Santoro (Pesci), a "made man" and friend of Ace, and Ginger McKenna (Stone), a streetwise chip hustler whom Ace marries and has a daughter with. The film details Ace's operation of the casino, the difficulties he confronts in his job, the Mafia's involvement with the casino, and the gradual breakdown of his relationships and standing, as Las Vegas changes over the years.

The primary characters are all based on real people: Ace is inspired by the life of Frank Rosenthal, also known as "Lefty", who ran the Stardust, Fremont, Marina, and Hacienda casinos in Las Vegas for the Chicago Outfit from the early 1970s until 1981. Nicky and Ginger are based on mob enforcer Anthony Spilotro and former dancer and socialite Geri McGee, respectively.

Casino was released on November 22, 1995 to mostly positive critical reception, and was a box-office success. Stone's performance was widely praised, earning her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress.

Plot
In 1973, sports handicapper and Mafia associate Sam "Ace" Rothstein is sent by the Chicago Outfit to Las Vegas, Nevada to run the Teamsters-funded Tangiers Casino, while Philip Green serves as the mob's hotel CEO front man. Sam doubles the casino's profits, which are skimmed by the mafia before taxes are paid. Mafia boss Remo Gaggi sends Sam's childhood friend and mob enforcer Nicky Santoro, Nicky's younger brother Dominick, and associate Frankie Marino to protect Sam and the skimming operation. Nicky's volatile temper and Chicago criminal background eventually gets him placed into the Nevada Black Book, and then Nicky is banned from every casino in Nevada. Dominick and Frankie have gathered their own experienced mob crew, and often engage in non-sanctioned shakedowns and elaborate burglaries instead.

Sam meets, and soon falls in love with beautiful hustler, dancer, and former prostitute Ginger McKenna. They soon have a daughter and marry, but their marriage is quickly thrown into turmoil due to Ginger's relationship with her former boyfriend, con artist-turned pimp Lester Diamond. Sam has Nicky and his crew beat Lester when they catch him conning Ginger out of $25,000. Ginger turns to alcohol and develops an increasingly problematic drug addiction.

In 1976, Sam fires slot manager Don Ward for incompetence. When Ward's brother-in-law, county commissioner Pat Webb, fails to convince Ace to rehire Don, Webb arranges for Sam's gaming license to be denied, jeopardizing his position. Sam blames Nicky's recklessness for ongoing police and Nevada Gaming Board pressure, and the two argue furiously in the Mojave desert. Sam has started hosting a local television talk show, and both Nicky and the Chicago bosses are upset that Sam is making himself such a public figure, bringing unwanted attention to their operations.

The Midwest Mafia bosses have put incompetent Kansas City underboss Artie Piscano in charge of overseeing all cash transactions. Piscano writes everything he knows about Las Vegas and the skimming operation in a private notebook, and rants about the cash costs in his grocery store. The FBI have wired Piscano's store and are spurred into investigating Sam's casino.

Sam seeks to divorce Ginger, who then kidnaps their daughter, Amy, planning to flee to Europe with Lester. Sam convinces Ginger to come back with Amy, but overhears her talking on the phone about killing him. Sam kicks her out of their home but later relents. Ginger approaches Nicky to get her valuables from Sam's safe deposit box, and the two start an affair. Sam confronts and disowns Ginger, and ends his friendship with Nicky. Nicky finishes with Ginger when she demands he kill Sam. He throws her out instead. Drunk and furious, Ginger crashes her car into Sam's driveway and retrieves the key to their deposit box. Although she succeeds in taking the contents of the box, the FBI arrests her as a witness.

In 1979, the FBI closes the casino and CEO Phillip Green eventually cooperates with the authorities. Artie Piscano dies of a heart attack when federal agents discover his notebook. The FBI approaches Sam for help, by showing him photos of Nicky and Ginger together, but he turns them down. The bosses are arrested and put on trial, and start to arrange the murders of anyone who might testify against them and prolong their coming sentences. Ginger dies of a drug overdose, and Sam barely escapes death by a car bomb, suspecting Nicky to be the culprit. The bosses, having grown tired of Nicky's ongoing legal issues and angered by his apparent unauthorized attempt on Sam's life, order Frankie and his own crew to ambush Nicky and Dominick. After being taken to an Indiana cornfield under the impression that they are attending a meetup, the two brothers are brutally beaten with baseball bats, covered in quicklime, and buried alive in a shallow grave.

With the mob now out of licensing fronts, the casinos are purchased by big corporations and demolished to make way for new and larger hotel casino attractions, which Sam laments. He retires to San Diego, and lives as a sports handicapper, in his own words, ending up "right back where I started".

Cast

 * Robert De Niro as Sam "Ace" Rothstein
 * Joe Pesci as Nicholas "Nicky" Santoro
 * Sharon Stone as Ginger McKenna
 * James Woods as Lester Diamond
 * Frank Vincent as Frankie Marino
 * Don Rickles as Billy Sherbert
 * L. Q. Jones as Clark County Commissioner Pat Webb
 * Kevin Pollak as Philip Green
 * Alan King as Andy Stone
 * Pasquale Cajano as Remo Gaggi
 * John Bloom as Donald "Don" Ward
 * Dick Smothers as Nevada State Senator Harrison Roberts
 * Philip Suriano as Dominick Santoro
 * Bill Allison as John Nance
 * Vinny Vella as Artie Piscano

Development
The research for Casino began when news reporter and screenwriter Nicholas Pileggi read a 1980 report from the Las Vegas Sun about a domestic argument between Frank "Lefty" Rosenthal, a casino figure, and his wife Geri McGee, a former topless dancer. This gave him an idea to focus on a new book about the true story of mob infringement in Las Vegas during the 1970s, when filming of Goodfellas (whose screenplay he co-wrote with Scorsese) was coming to an end. The fictional Tangiers resort reflected the story of the Stardust Resort and Casino, which had been bought by Argent Corporation in 1974 using loans from the Teamsters Central States Pension Fund. Argent was owned by Allen Glick, but the casino was believed to be controlled by various organized crime families from the Midwest. Over the next six years, Argent Corporation siphoned off between $7 and $15 million using rigged scales. This skimming operation, when uncovered by the FBI, was the largest ever exposed. A number of organized crime figures were convicted as a result of the skimming.

Pileggi contacted Scorsese about taking the lead of the project, which became known as Casino. Scorsese expressed interest, calling this an "idea of success, no limits." Pileggi was keen to release the book and then concentrate on a film adaptation, but Scorsese encouraged him to "reverse the order."

Scorsese and Pileggi collaborated on the script for five months, towards the end of 1994. Real-life characters were reshaped, such as Frank "Lefty" Rosenthal, Geri McGee, Anthony Spilotro, and Spilotro's brother. Some characters were combined, and parts of the story were set in Kansas City instead of Chicago. A problem emerged when they were forced to refer to Chicago as "back home" and use the words "adapted from a true story" instead of "based on a true story."

They also decided to simplify the script, so that the character of Sam "Ace" Rothstein only worked at the Tangiers Casino, in order to show a glimpse of the trials involved in operating a Mafia-run casino hotel without overwhelming the audience. According to Scorsese, the initial opening sequence was to feature the main character, Sam Rothstein, fighting with his estranged wife Ginger on the lawn of their house. The scene was too detailed, so they changed the sequence to show the explosion of Sam's car and him flying into the air before hovering over the flames in slow motion—like a soul about to go straight down to hell.

Principal photography
Filming took place at night in the Riviera casino in Las Vegas, with the nearby defunct Landmark Hotel as the entrance, to replicate the fictional Tangiers. According to the producer Barbara De Fina, there was no point in building a set if the cost were the same to use a real-life one. The opening scene, with Sam's car exploding, was shot three times; the third take was used for the film. When first submitted to the MPAA, the film received an NC-17 rating due to its depictions of violence. Several edits were made in order to reduce the rating to R.

Box office
The film grossed $42 million in North America and $116 million worldwide on a $40–50 million budget.

Critical response
Upon its release, the film received mostly positive reviews from critics, although their praise was more muted than it had been for the thematically similar Goodfellas, released only five years earlier, with some reviewers criticizing Scorsese for retreading familiar territory. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 80% based on 62 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Impressive ambition and bravura performances from an outstanding cast help Casino pay off in spite of a familiar narrative that may strike some viewers as a safe bet for director Martin Scorsese" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four mentioning that "Martin Scorsese's fascinating new film Casino knows a lot about the Mafia's relationship with Las Vegas. Like The Godfather it makes us feel like eavesdroppers in a secret place." He further added "Unlike his other Mafia movies (Mean Streets and Goodfellas), Scorsese's Casino is as concerned with history as with plot and character." Philip Thomas of the Empire on a review posted on January 1, 2000, praised the film while highlighting its similarities to Goodfellas. He gave the film five stars commenting "It may not be Scorsese's greatest work, but this guy feeling a little off-colour is still far,far better than most people on fighting-fit form. It only gets more impressive as time goes on."

The film's critical profile has increased in recent years, with several critics expressing that, in retrospect, they feel it is a more accomplished and artistically mature work than the thematically similar Goodfellas.

Disc 1

 * 1) "Contempt – Theme De Camille" by Georges Delerue
 * 2) "Angelina/Zooma, Zooma Medley" by Louis Prima
 * 3) "Hoochie Coochie Man" by Muddy Waters
 * 4) "I'll Take You There" by The Staple Singers
 * 5) "Nights in White Satin" by The Moody Blues
 * 6) "How High the Moon" by Les Paul & Mary Ford
 * 7) "Hurt" by Timi Yuro
 * 8) "Ain't Got No Home" by Clarence 'Frogman' Henry
 * 9) "Without You" by Nilsson
 * 10) "Love Is the Drug" by Roxy Music
 * 11) "I'm Sorry" by Brenda Lee
 * 12) "Go Your Own Way" by Fleetwood Mac
 * 13) "The Thrill Is Gone" by B.B. King
 * 14) "Love Is Strange" by Mickey & Sylvia
 * 15) "The 'In' Crowd" by Ramsey Lewis
 * 16) "Stardust" by Hoagy Carmichael

Disc 2

 * 1) "Walk on the Wild Side" by Jimmy Smith
 * 2) "Fa-Fa-Fa-Fa-Fa (Sad Song)" by Otis Redding
 * 3) "I Ain't Superstitious" by Jeff Beck Group
 * 4) "The Glory of Love" by The Velvetones
 * 5) "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" by Devo
 * 6) "What a Diff'rence a Day Made" by Dinah Washington
 * 7) "Working in the Coal Mine" by Lee Dorsey
 * 8) "The House of the Rising Sun" by The Animals
 * 9) "Toad" by Cream
 * 10) "Who Can I Turn To (When Nobody Needs Me)" by Tony Bennett
 * 11) "Slippin' and Slidin'" by Little Richard
 * 12) "You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You" by Dean Martin
 * 13) "Compared to What" (Live) by Les McCann & Eddie Harris
 * 14) "Basin Street Blues/When It's Sleepy Time Down South" by Louis Prima
 * 15) "St. Matthew Passion (Wir setzen uns mit Tränen nieder)" by Johann Sebastian Bach (Chicago Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Sir Georg Solti)