Sony Interactive Entertainment

Sony Interactive Entertainment LLC (SIE) is a multinational video game and digital entertainment company that is a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, the central hub for the American businesses under the Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation. The company was founded in Tokyo, Japan, and established on November 16, 1993, as Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE), to handle Sony's venture into video game development through its PlayStation brand.

Since the successful launch of the original PlayStation console in 1994, the company has been developing the PlayStation lineup of home video game consoles and accessories. Expanding into North America and other countries, the company quickly became Sony's main resource for research and development in video games and interactive entertainment. In April 2016, SCE and Sony Network Entertainment International was restructured and reorganized into Sony Interactive Entertainment, carrying over the operations and primary objectives from both companies. The same year, SIE moved its headquarters from Tokyo to San Mateo, California.

Sony Interactive Entertainment handles the research and development, production, and sales of both hardware and software for the PlayStation video game systems. SIE is also a developer and publisher of video game titles, and operates several subsidiaries in Sony's largest markets: North America, Europe and Asia. By August 2018, the company had sold more than 525 million PlayStation consoles worldwide.

Establishment, PlayStation release, and North American expansion (1993–2005)
Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. (SCEI) was jointly established by Sony and its subsidiary Sony Music Entertainment Japan in 1993 to handle the company's ventures into the video game industry. The original PlayStation console was released on December 3, 1994, in Japan. The company's North American operations, Sony Computer Entertainment of America (SCEA), were originally established in May 1995 as a division of Sony Electronic Publishing. Located in Foster City, California, the North American office was originally headed by Steve Race.

In the months prior to the release of the PlayStation in Western markets, the operations were restructured: All video game marketing from Sony Imagesoft was folded into SCEA in July 1995, with most affected employees transferred from Santa Monica to Foster City. On August 7, 1995, Race unexpectedly resigned and was named CEO of Spectrum HoloByte three days later. He was replaced by Sony Electronics veteran Martin Homlish. This proved to be the beginning of a run of exceptional managerial turnover, with SCEA going through four presidents in a single year. The PS console was released in the United States on September 9, 1995. As part of a worldwide restructuring at the beginning of 1997, SCEA and Sony Computer Entertainment Europe (SCEE) were both re-established as wholly owned subsidiaries of SCEI.

The launch of the second PS console, the PlayStation 2 was released in Japan on March 4, 2000, and the U.S. on October 26, 2000. On July 1, 2002, chairman of SCEI, Shigeo Maruyama, was replaced by Tamotsu Iba as chairman. Jack Tretton and Phil Harrison were also promoted to senior vice presidents of SCE. The PlayStation Portable (PSP) was SCEI's first foray into the small handheld console market. Its development was first announced during SCE's E3 conference in 2003, and it was officially unveiled during their E3 conference on May 11, 2004. The system was released in Japan on December 12, 2004, in North America on March 24, 2005, and in Europe and Australia on September 1, 2005.

Creation of SCE Worldwide Studios, acquisitions, and restructure (2005–2011)
On September 14, 2005, SCEI formed Sony Computer Entertainment Worldwide Studios (SCE WWS), a single internal entity to oversee all wholly owned development studios within SCEI. It became responsible for the creative and strategic direction of development and production of all computer entertainment software by all SCEI-owned studios—all software is produced exclusively for the PS family of consoles. Shuhei Yoshida was named as President of SCE WWS on May 16, 2008, replacing Kazuo Hirai, who was serving interim after Harrison left the company in early 2008.

On December 8, 2005, video game developer Guerrilla Games, developers of the Killzone series, was acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment as part of its SCE WWS. On January 24, 2006, video game developer Zipper Interactive, developers of the Socom series, was acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment as part of its SCE WWS.

In March 2006, Sony announced the online network for its forthcoming PlayStation 3 (PS3) system at the 2006 PlayStation Business Briefing meeting in Tokyo, Japan, tentatively named "PlayStation Network Platform" and eventually called just PlayStation Network (PSN). Sony also stated that the service would always be connected, free, and include multiplayer support.

The launch date for the PS3 was announced by Hirai at the pre-Electronic Entertainment Expo conference held at the Sony Pictures Studios in Los Angeles, California, on May 8, 2006. The PS3 was released in Japan on November 11, 2006, and the U.S. date was November 17, 2006. The PSN was also launched in November 2006.

On November 30, 2006, president of SCEI, Ken Kutaragi, was appointed as chairman of SCEI, while Hirai, then president of SCEA, was promoted to president of SCEI. On April 26, 2007, Ken Kutaragi resigned from his position as chairman of SCEI and group CEO, passing on his duties to the recently appointed president of SCE, Hirai.

On September 20, 2007, video game developers Evolution Studios and Bigbig Studios, creators of the MotorStorm series, were acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment as part of its SCE WWS.

On April 15, 2009, David Reeves, president and CEO of SCE Europe, announced his forthcoming resignation from his post. He had joined the company in 1995 and was appointed as chairman of SCEE in 2003, and then president in 2005. His role of president and CEO of SCEE would be taken over by Andrew House, who joined Sony Corporation in 1990. The PSP Go was released on October 1, 2009, for North America and Europe, and on November 1, 2009, for Japan.

On April 1, 2010, SCEI was restructured to bring together Sony's mobile electronics and personal computers divisions. The main Japanese division of SCEI was temporarily renamed "SNE Platform Inc." (SNEP) on April 1, 2010, and was split into two divisions that focused on different aspects: "Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc.", consisting of 1,300 employees who focused on the console business, and the network service business consisting of 60 to 70 employees. The network service business of SCEI was absorbed into Sony Corp's Network Products & Service Group (NPSG), which had already been headed by Hirai since April 2009. The original SCEI was then dissolved after the restructuring.

The North American and European branches of SCEI were affected by the restructuring, and remained as SCEA and SCEE. Hirai, by that time SCEI CEO and Sony Corporation EVP, led both departments.

On March 2, 2010, video game developer Media Molecule, developers of the PlayStation 3 (PS3) game LittleBigPlanet, was acquired by SCEI as part of its SCE WWS. On August 23, 2010, the headquarters of the company moved from Minami-Aoyama to the Sony City (Sony Corporation's headquarters) in Kōnan, Minato, Tokyo. On April 20, 2011, SCEI was the victim of an attack on its PlayStation Network system, which also affected its online division, Sony Online Entertainment. On August 1, 2011, video game developer Sucker Punch Productions, developers of the Sly Cooper and Infamous series, was also acquired.

Launch of PlayStation Vita and PlayStation 4, expansion into China (2011–2016)
On January 2012, BigBig Studios was closed and Cambridge Studio—renamed Guerrilla Cambridge—becoming a sister studio of Guerrilla Games. On March 2012, Zipper Interactive, developers of the SOCOM series, MAG and Unit 13, was closed. On June 25, 2012, Hirai retired as chairman of Sony Computer Entertainment; however, he remains on the board of directors.

On July 2, 2012, Sony Computer Entertainment acquired Gaikai, a cloud-based gaming service. On August 2012, Sony Liverpool developer of the Wipeout and Formula One series was closed.

A press release was published on August 20, 2013, announcing the release date of the PlayStation 4 (PS4) console. On that date, SCEI introduced the CUH-1000A series system, and announced the launch date as November 15, 2013, for North American markets and November 29, 2013, for European, Australasian and Central and South American markets.

Following a January 2014 announcement by the Chinese government that the country's 14-year game console ban would be lifted, the PS4 was scheduled to be the first Sony video game console to be officially and legally released in China since the PlayStation 2—the ban was enacted in 2000 to protect the mental health of young people.

On March 6, 2014, Sony Computer Entertainment of America President and CEO, Tretton, announced he was resigning from his position at the end of the month, citing a mutual agreement between himself and SCEA for the cessation of his contract. Tretton had worked at SCEA since 1995 and was a founding member of the company's executive team. He was involved in the launch of all PlayStation platforms in North America, including the original PlayStation, PS2, PSP, PS3, PSN, PS Vita, and PS4. Tretton was replaced by Shawn Layden, who was the vice-president and chief operating officer (COO) of Sony Network Entertainment International, effective April 1, 2014. On April 2, 2015, it was announced that Sony Computer Entertainment had acquired the intellectual property of the cloud gaming service OnLive, and that its services would cease by the end of the month.

The beta version of Sony's first-ever cloud-based television service, PlayStation Vue (PSVue), was launched in the U.S. in November 2014. It was only offered on an invite-only basis for PS3 and PS4 users, prior to its official launch in early 2015. Sony signed deals with major networks, including CBS, Discovery, Fox, and Viacom, so that users can view live streaming video, as well as catch up and on-demand content, from more than 75 channels, such as Comedy Central and Nickelodeon. Although pricing and release dates for other regions was not publicized, Sony confirmed that PSVue will eventually be available on iPad, followed by other Sony and non-Sony devices.

As Sony Interactive Entertainment (2016–present)
On January 26, 2016, Sony announced that effective April 1, 2016, Sony Computer Entertainment and Sony Network Entertainment International would be re-organized and combined into a new company, Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE). Unlike the former SCE, SIE is based in San Mateo, California, and represents the entire PlayStation brand, regional subsidiaries, and its content operations. On March 24, 2016, Sony announced the establishment of ForwardWorks, a new studio dedicated to producing "full-fledged" games based on Sony intellectual properties for mobile platforms such as smartphones.

It was reported in December of 2016 by multiple news outlets that Sony was considering restructuring its U.S. operations by merging its TV and film business with SIE. According to the reports, such a restructuring would have placed Sony Pictures under Sony Interactive's CEO, Andrew House, though House wouldn't have taken over day-to-day operations of the film studio. According to one report, Sony was set to make a final decision on the possibility of the merger of the TV, film, and gaming businesses by the end of its fiscal year in March of the following year (2017). However, judging by Sony's activity in 2017, the rumored merger never materialized.

On January 8, 2019, Sony announced that the company had entered into a definitive agreement for Sony Interactive Entertainment to acquire Audiokinetic.

Corporate affairs
The president, and CEO of SIE is John (Tsuyoshi) Kodera, replacing Andrew House, who stepped down in October 2017. House served as chairman until the end of 2017. House replaced Kaz Hirai as president and CEO in 2011, who himself had replaced longtime CEO Ken Kutaragi, also known as the "Father of the PlayStation". Kutaragi retired from his executive position at SIE on June 19, 2007, and holds the title of honorary chairman at the company. Shawn Layden and Jim Ryan currently serve as chairman of SIE Worldwide Studios and head of global sales and marketing, respectively. Shuhei Yoshida is the current president of SIE Worldwide Studios.

Headquarters
SIE currently has three main headquarters around the world: the global and Americas region headquarters in San Mateo, California, United States (Sony Interactive Entertainment LLC); Kōnan, Minato, Tokyo, Japan (Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. and Sony Interactive Entertainment Japan Asia) which control operations in Asia and was also formerly the headquarters for Sony Computer Entertainment; and London, United Kingdom (Sony Interactive Entertainment Europe) which controls operations in Europe and Oceania. SIE also has smaller offices and distribution centers in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, San Diego, California U.S.; Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Melbourne, Australia; and Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea and Liverpool, England, UK.

Game approval
SIE evaluates and approves games for its consoles. The process is more strict than for the Nintendo Seal of Quality, and developers submit game concepts to Sony early in the design process. Each SIE unit has its own evaluation process; SIEE, for example, approved Billy the Wizard for its consumers but SIEA did not. The company sometimes imposes additional restrictions, such as when it prohibited PS and PS2 games from being ported to the PSP without 30% of content being new to the Sony console.

PlayStation
SCEI produces the PlayStation line of video game hardware that consists of consoles and handhelds. Sony's first wide home console release, the PlayStation (codenamed "PSX" during development,), was initially designed to be a CD-ROM drive add-on for Nintendo's Super NES (a.k.a. "Super Famicom" in Japan) video game console, in response to add-ons for competing platforms such as the TurboGrafx-CD and the Sega CD (sold as the PC Engine CD-ROM² System and Mega CD in Japan respectively). When the prospect of releasing the system as an add-on dissolved, Sony redesigned the machine into a standalone unit.

The PlayStation was released in Japan on December 3, 1994, and later in North America on September 9, 1995. By the end of the console 12-year production cycle, the PlayStation had sold 102 million units.

PlayStation 2
SCEI's second home console, the PlayStation 2 (PS2) was released in Japan on March 4, 2000, and later in North America and Europe in October and November 2000, respectively. The PS2 is powered by a proprietary central processing unit, the Emotion Engine, and was the first video game console to have DVD playback functionality included out of the box.

The PS2 consisted of a DVD drive and retailed in the U.S. for US$299. SCEI received heavy criticism after the launch of the PS2 due to the games released as part of the launch, difficulties that it presented for video game designers, and users who struggled to port Sega Dreamcast games to the system. However, despite these complaints, the PlayStation 2 received widespread support from third party developers throughout its lifespan on the market.

On December 28, 2012, Sony confirmed that it would cease production of the PS2 through a gradual process that started in Japan—the continuing popularity of the console in markets like Brazil and India meant that PS2 products would still be shipped, while games for the console were released in March 2013. The PS2 stands as the best-selling home video game console in history, with a total of 155 million consoles sold.

Writing for the ExtremeTech website at the end of 2012, James Plafke described the PS2 as revolutionary and proclaimed that the console "turn[ed] the gaming industry on its head":

Aside from being the “first” next-gen console, as well as providing many, many people with their first DVD player, the PlayStation 2 launched in something of a Golden Age of the non-PC gaming industry. Gaming tech was becoming extremely sophisticated ... Sony seemingly knew the exact route toward popularity, turning the console with the least powerful hardware of that generation into a juggernaut of success.

PlayStation Portable
The PlayStation Portable (PSP) was SCEI's first foray into the small handheld console market. Its development was first announced during SCE's E3 conference in 2003, and it was officially unveiled during their E3 conference on May 11, 2004. The system was released in Japan on December 12, 2004, in North America on March 24, 2005, and in Europe and Australia on September 1, 2005. The console has since seen two major redesigns, with new features including a smaller size, more internal memory, a better quality LCD screen and a lighter weight.

PlayStation 3
The launch date for the PS3 was announced by Hirai at the pre-Electronic Entertainment Expo conference held at Sony Pictures Studios in Los Angeles, California, on May 8, 2006. The PS3 was released in Japan on November 11, 2006, and the U.S. date was November 17, 2006. Technology journalists observed that Sony had followed what Microsoft did with the Xbox 360, and produced the PS3 in two versions: one with a 20GB hard drive and the other with a 60GB hard drive.

The PS3 utilizes a unique processing architecture, the Cell microprocessor, a proprietary technology developed by Sony in conjunction with Toshiba and IBM. The graphics processing unit, the RSX 'Reality Synthesizer', was co-developed by Nvidia and Sony. Several variations of the PS3 have been released, each with slight hardware and software differences, and each denoted by the varying size of the included hard disk drive.

PlayStation Vita
The PS Vita is the successor to the PlayStation Portable. It was released in Japan and other parts of Asia on December 17, 2011, and then in Europe, Australia and North America on February 22, 2012.

Internally, the Vita features a 4-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor and a 4-core SGX543MP4+ graphics processing unit, as well as LiveArea software as its main user interface, which succeeds the XrossMediaBar.

PlayStation 4
The PS4 was announced as the successor to the PS3 and was launched in North America on November 15, 2013, in Europe on November 29, 2013 and in Japan on February 23, 2014.

Described by Sony as a "next generation" console, the PS4 included features such as enhanced social capabilities, second-screen options involving devices like the handheld PlayStation Vita, a membership service and compatibility with the Twitch live streaming platform.

Following a January 2014 announcement by the Chinese government that the country's 14-year game console ban would be lifted, the PS4 was scheduled to be the first Sony video game console to be officially and legally released in China since the PlayStation 2—the ban was enacted in 2000 to protect the mental health of young people. Around 70 game developers, including Ubisoft and Koei, will service Chinese PlayStation users.

The Chinese release dates and price details were announced in early December, with January 11, 2015, confirmed by SCEI. The makers announced that both the PS4 and Vita consoles will be released in China, and the former's package will also consist of a 500GB and 1TB hard drive and controller.

The 20th anniversary of the original PS console was celebrated on December 6, 2014, with the release of a limited-edition, anniversary-edition PlayStation 4 with an aesthetic design that recalled the original 1994 PlayStation.

Owned franchises and properties

 * .detuned
 * Aconcagua
 * Afrika
 * Alienation
 * Altered Space
 * Alundra
 * Ape Escape
 * Aqua Vita
 * Aquanaut's Holiday
 * Arc the Lad
 * Astro Bot Rescue Mission
 * ATV Offroad Fury
 * Baby Universe
 * B-Boy
 * Beat Sketcher
 * Beats
 * Beyond the Beyond
 * Beyond: Two Souls
 * BigFest
 * Blade Dancer
 * Blast Factor
 * Blasto
 * Bloodborne
 * Blood & Truth
 * Boku no Natsuyasumi
 * Bombastic
 * Bound
 * Bravo Team
 * Bust a Groove
 * Buzz!
 * C-12: Final Resistance
 * Calling All Cars!
 * Cardinal Syn
 * Carnival Island
 * Cart Kings
 * Chimparty
 * Coded Soul
 * Codename: Tenka
 * Colony Wars
 * Concrete Genie
 * Cool Boarders
 * CounterSpy
 * Crash Commando
 * Crime Crackers
 * DanceStar Party
 * Dare to Fly
 * Dark Cloud
 * Dark Mist
 * Datura
 * Days Gone
 * Dead Nation
 * Death Stranding
 * Demon's Souls
 * Déraciné
 * Desi Adda
 * Destiny of Spirits
 * Destruction Derby
 * Detroit: Become Human
 * Devil Dice
 * Diggs Nightcrawler
 * DJ: Decks & FX
 * Dog's Life
 * Doki-Doki Universe
 * Downhill Domination
 * Drakan
 * Drawn To Death
 * Dreams
 * Driveclub
 * Dropship: United Peace Force
 * Dual Hearts
 * Eastern Mind: The Lost Souls of Tong Nou
 * Eat Them!
 * Echochrome
 * Echoshift
 * Ecolibrium
 * Eight Days
 * Elefunk
 * Elemental Gearbolt
 * Enkaku Sōsa: Shinjitsu e no 23 Nichikan
 * Entwined
 * Epidemic
 * Equinox
 * Erica
 * Escape Plan
 * Everybody Dance
 * Everybody's Golf
 * Everybody's Gone to the Rapture
 * Extermination
 * Extra Innings
 * EyePet
 * EyeToy
 * FantaVision
 * Farpoint
 * Fat Princess
 * Feel Ski
 * Fired Up
 * Firebugs
 * Firewall Zero Hour
 * Flow
 * Flower
 * Folklore
 * Frantics
 * Freedom Wars
 * Frequency
 * Frobisher Says!
 * G-Police
 * Gangs of London
 * Genji
 * Genshi No Kotoba
 * Ghost of Tsushima
 * Ghosthunter
 * Global Force: Shin Sentou Kokka
 * God of War
 * Go! Sports Ski
 * Gran Turismo
 * Gravity Rush
 * Grind Session
 * Ground Zero: Texas
 * Gunners Heaven
 * GUNS UP!
 * Hardware
 * Heavenly Sword
 * Heavy Rain
 * Helldivers
 * Here They Lie
 * Hermie Hopperhead: Scrap Panic
 * Hidden Agenda
 * High Velocity Bowling
 * Hohokum
 * Horizon Zero Dawn
 * Hustle Kings
 * Ico
 * Imaginstruments
 * InFAMOUS
 * Intelligent Qube
 * Invizimals
 * Jak and Daxter
 * Jeanne d'Arc
 * Jet Moto
 * Jet X2O
 * Jinx
 * Journey
 * Jumping Flash!
 * Jungle Party
 * Killstrain
 * Killzone
 * Kinetica
 * Kingdom of Paradise
 * Kingsley's Adventure
 * Kite Fight
 * Kileak: The DNA Imperative
 * Knack
 * Knowledge Is Power
 * Kula World
 * Kung Fu Rider
 * Lair
 * Legend of Legaia
 * Lemmings
 * Lifeline
 * Linger in Shadows
 * LittleBigPlanet
 * Little Deviants
 * LocoRoco
 * ''Marvel's Spider-Man
 * Mad Maestro!
 * Mag
 * Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
 * Matterfall
 * Medieval Moves
 * MediEvil
 * Mesmerize
 * Mister Mosquito
 * MLB: The Show
 * ModNation Racers
 * Monster Kingdom
 * Motor Toon Grand Prix
 * MotorStorm
 * Move Fitness
 * Murasaki Baby
 * My Street
 * No Escape
 * No Heroes Allowed
 * Nucleus
 * Numblast
 * Okage: Shadow King
 * Omega Boost
 * Open Me!
 * Operation Creature Feature
 * Ore no Ryouri
 * Ore no Shikabane wo Koete Yuke/Oreshika
 * Overboard!
 * Pain
 * Paint Park
 * PaRappa the Rapper
 * Patapon
 * Patchwork Heroes
 * Pet in TV
 * Piyotama
 * Philosoma
 * PhyreEngine
 * PlayLink
 * PlayStation All-Stars
 * PlayStation Home
 * PlayStation Move Heroes
 * PlayStation Vita Pets
 * PlayStation VR Worlds
 * Popolocrois
 * Primal
 * Project: Horned Owl
 * PulzAR
 * Puppeteer
 * Pursuit Force
 * Rain
 * Rally Cross
 * Rapid Racer
 * Rapid Reload
 * Rascal
 * Ratchet & Clank
 * Reality Fighters
 * Resistance
 * Resogun
 * Retro Force
 * RIGS: Mechanized Combat League
 * Rise of the Kasai
 * Rise to Honor
 * Rogue Galaxy
 * Rule of Rose
 * Sagashi ni Ikouyo
 * Savage Moon
 * Secret Agent Clank
 * Sewer Shark
 * Shadow of the Beast
 * Shadow of the Colossus
 * SingStar
 * Siren
 * Sky Diving
 * Skyblazer
 * SkyGunner
 * Sly Cooper
 * Smart As...
 * Smart Ball
 * Snakeball
 * SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs
 * Sorcery
 * Soul Sacrifice
 * Sound Shapes
 * Speed Freaks
 * Marvel's Spider-Man
 * Sports Champions
 * Starblood Arena
 * Starhawk
 * Start the Party!
 * Steel Reign
 * Super Rub 'a' Dub
 * Super Stardust
 * Syphon Filter
 * t@g
 * Table Ice Hockey
 * Table Top Tanks
 * Talkman
 * Tanarus
 * Team Buddies
 * Tearaway
 * That's You
 * The Con
 * The Eye of Judgment
 * The Fight
 * The Getaway
 * The Hungry Horde
 * The Last Guardian
 * The Last Guy
 * The Last of Us
 * The Legend of Dragoon
 * The Mark of Kri
 * The Order: 1886
 * The Playroom
 * The Shoot
 * The Tomorrow Children
 * The Trials of Topoq
 * The Unfinished Swan
 * This Is Football
 * Tiny Tank
 * Tokyo Jungle
 * Top Darts
 * Tori-Emaki
 * Toro Inoue
 * Tourist Trophy
 * Toy Home
 * Trash Panic
 * Tsugunai
 * Tomba!
 * TV Superstars
 * Twisted Metal
 * UmJammer Lammy
 * Uncharted
 * Unit 13
 * Until Dawn
 * Untold Legends
 * Vib-Ribbon
 * War of the Monsters
 * Warhawk
 * What Did I Do To Deserve This, My Lord?
 * What Remains of Edith Finch
 * When Vikings Attack!
 * White Knight Chronicles
 * Wild
 * Wild Arms
 * Wipeout
 * Wonderbook
 * World Tour Soccer
 * Xtreme
 * Yoake no Mariko